Herbal Ant Repellent

Cinnamon is one type of herbal repellent.

Ants are troublesome pests, whether you're camping outside or the ants are coming into your home. The ants are attracted to certain scents and making a few lifestyle changes will naturally repel the ants. Does this Spark an idea?

Herbal Repellents

Herbal ant repellents include items that change the scent in the area or produce a taste that the ants find unattractive. Items of this type include cloves, peppermint, garlic and cinnamon.

Usage

When using dried herbs, sprinkle the repellent around any entry points in your home. For liquids like peppermint essential oil, saturate a piece of string in the liquid and place that near any entry points. The ants are repelled by the taste and scent of the items and naturally move to another area.

Expert Insight

The Manataka American Indian Council recommends spraying peppermint essential oil on plants. The oil won't damage the plants or impede growth, but it does repel ants and keep the pests away from your favorite houseplants. Use pure peppermint oil or dilute it with a small amount of water.

Tags: entry points, peppermint essential, repel ants, your home

Fire Ant Bite

How Does a Fire Ant Bite?

Symptoms

Between 35 to 40 percent of people who live in areas where fire ants live are bitten each year. Fire ants are very aggressive and usually bite in groups. They are so tiny, however, that many people don't notice them until they've been bitten. Once stung, 15 percent of victims will suffer from a severe allergic reaction. They will develop hives, major swelling, shortness of breath and may even fall into a coma or go into shock. Most people, however, experience a burning or itching sensation at the site of the bite, followed shortly by the development of a red bump sometimes filled with white pus. These welts can last for weeks.

Not only are fire ants aggressive, but they are also stubborn. They will continue to try to bite long after the danger has passed, even when there is no longer any venom in their sacks.

How They Bite

Fire ants use their sharp, claw-like mandibles to bite. They bite deeply, getting a firm grip so that they can raise their hindquarters to sting. While fire ants get saliva on the victim's skin, it is not the saliva that causes the burning sensation, unlike a mosquito whose saliva is what causes the irritation. In fact, you probably won't feel anything at all when a fire ant bites you other than a slight pricking sensation.

As the fire ant is biting you, it is also releasing a special chemical. This chemical is a signal calling more and more ants to attack. After getting a firm grip on you with its mandibles, the fire ant will raise its hindquarters high into the air and jab its stinger deep into your skin, injecting large amounts of venom from the attached venom sack. The venom is a toxic mix of alkaloids.

Treatment

While for most people, fire-ant bites are a painful irritation, for a minority of people they are a serious problem. Serious reactions include dizziness, chest pain, nausea and difficulty breathing. If these things occur after you've been bitten by a fire ant, you should see a doctor as soon as possible.

For those that are not severely allergic to fire ants, there are things you can do to minimize the burning, itching and swelling. As soon as you are bitten, look around and move away from any obvious nests. Then, check your body and clothing to make sure there are no more fire ants on you. Remember, they usually bite in groups. Once you've found and killed any other ants on your person, wash the bites with soap and water. Then, treat the sting with a cold compress to help ease the swelling and pain. Finish up by disinfecting the bite and treating it with a natural antiseptic, such as tea tree oil.

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Homemade Plastic Cleaner

Homemade cleaning solutions are often less toxic than conventional cleaning products. Natural products in stores are very expensive. Homemade products are usually made with non-toxic ingredients, are less expensive and work just as well as products purchased in a store. Homemade plastic cleaner can be made with common household ingredients for general cleaning, disinfection and to remove scratches. Does this Spark an idea?

General Cleaning

Soap and warm water work fine for general plastic cleaning. If you opt to mix cleaning ingredients in a spray bottle, avoid ammonia and alcohol, as they can soften the plastic and cause discoloration or fogging. Create a plastic cleaner with vinegar and water by mixing 1 cup of vinegar with 3 cups of water. Add a few drops of your favorite essential oil to add aroma to the mixture. Do not use essential oils on plastic without dilution, as essential oils will break down the plastic and cause it to soften.

Disinfection

Mix ½ cup bleach in 1 qt. of water. Apply the mixture with a spray bottle. Allow it to sit for 2 minutes, then rinse with clear water. Add a 10 to 15 drops of lemongrass essential oil to the mixture for a fresh, clean scent. This bleach solution can cause irritation and should be stored out of reach of children.

Remove Scratches

Make a paste by mixing baking soda with equal amounts of dish soap and water. Gently rub the paste on the plastic to buff out the scratches. Rinse well to remove any residue.

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Natural Bug Repellent For Perennials

Often, you're not the only one enjoying your beautiful perennial garden. Various bug pests may also love it, turning your backyard landscape into a giant salad buffet. If you want to control and repel these pests, several all-natural products can help. Natural formulas offer an alternative for those concerned about the health and environmental risks posed by harsh chemicals, or who are raising perennial edibles, such as herbs. Does this Spark an idea?

Garlic Spray

Onions, garlic and spicy peppers are great not only for whipping up your favorite Mexican meal, but also for deterring insect invasions. Toss into a blender an onion, a bulb of garlic and a teaspoon of spicy pepper powder. Blend until the mixture has a coarse, minced texture, then add a quart of fresh water and let the solution sit for a few hours. Afterward, strain the mixture through a sieve or a square of cheesecloth to separate the herbs from the water. Pour the water into a spray bottle. If you want to not only repel bugs but also kill them, add a tablespoon of dish detergent. Spray the mixture onto any plant experiencing bug problems.

Horticultural Oils

Commercially prepared bug sprays formulated from vegetable horticultural oils, specifically neem, cottonseed and soy oil, have powerful insect-killing, insect-repelling and fungicidal powers. They are commonly used against smaller insect pests, such as whiteflies and aphids, and work best when sprayed onto dry plants. Because newly sprouted plant tissue may react sensitively to horticultural oils, reserve their use for mature perennials.

Companion Planting

Several specific plant species possess horticultural compounds or odors that repel pests from your garden. By interplanting such species among your perennial plants, you can create natural barriers against some pest problems. Common examples include garlic plants, which guard against aphids and various kinds of mites and beetles; marigolds, which also repel beetles; and basil, which deters hornworms.

Pyrethrum Spray

Commercially prepared insecticides made with pyrethrum work as an organic, all-natural insecticide and deterrent spray. It's created from a certain kind of Chrysanthemum flower. Pyrethrum is commonly used against all kinds of bugs, including stink bugs.

Diatomaceous Earth

Diatomaceous earth, a white dustlike substance created from natural rock, offers up microscopic, sharp surfaces that soft-bodied bugs can't handle. When dusted onto perennials or on the ground around them, the earth creates a physical barrier against pests such as worms, caterpillars and slugs.

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Build Your Own Thermal Mosquito Fogger

Mosquitoes are annoying, dangerous and difficult to control.

Mosquitoes are a painful, annoying and potentially dangerous pest in many parts of the world. Their painful bite is capable of transmitting a number of blood-borne pathogens, including malaria and West Nile virus. You can sharply lower the number of mosquitoes in your yard through the periodic use of a mosquito fogger, which introduces large amounts of insecticide into the air in dense clouds, clearing large areas of the pests. You can build a thermal fogger of your own by modifying an old lawn mower. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Remove the blades from the lawn mower's deck according to the manufacturer's instructions. Attach a 1-quart plastic jug to the handle of the mower using plastic zip ties. The opening of the jug should face upward.

2. Drill a hole in the top of the lawn mower's muffler using a drill with a 1/4-inch bit. Insert a length of 1/4-inch copper tubing into the hole. The tubing should be just long enough to reach from the muffler to the bottom of the jug. Fix the tubing in place with a thick bead of cold-welding compound.

3. Drill a hole in the bottom of the plastic jug using a drill with a 1/4-inch bit. Insert a 1/4-inch drip nozzle equipped with a twist valve. Attach the free end of the 1/4-inch copper tubing and tighten it in place using a 1/4-inch pipe clamp and a screwdriver.

4. Ensure that the valve on the drip nozzle is closed. Fill the plastic jug with insect fogging solution. Start the mower and let the engine warm up for at least five minutes. Open the valve on the drip nozzle until fog begins to come from the exhaust pipe.

Tags: drip nozzle, lawn mower, 4-inch copper, 4-inch copper tubing, 4-inch Insert

Female Vs Male Clown Fish

Clown fish are natural hermaphrodites that will "sex" depending on their environment. Whether paired or in groups, the most dominant male will become female. This change to female is permanent, so while male clowns can morph into females, they don't morph back.

Size

The single easiest determinate of clown fish sex is size. Females are always bigger than the males. Keep in mind that all clown fish must be sexually mature, or at least a year old, for them to go from a sexless hermaphrodite to either male or female.

Behavior

Since females start out as the most dominant male, they are more aggressive, and as a byproduct, they are more territorial. For the most part, a female clown may be kept with multiple clowns. These would consist of a male that has shown to be dominant over the other clowns that stay sexually immature. However, if another female is added to the group she will be harassed--often to death.

The Dance

Clownfish pairs perform a mating dance. As you might suspect, the females movement around the male signifies dominance, while the male falls into a submissive dance.

The Brood

Females lay the eggs. The males fertilize the eggs.

The Environment

Solitary clown fish are always female. If a pair of clown fish exists in an aquarium, there will always be a male and a female, because if the male dies, the surviving male morphs into a female.

Male clowns can morph into females, but female clowns can never morph back into males. Conversely, neither can morph back to a sexless, or immature state.

Coloring

Although rare, and only in certain sub-species, female clowns may deepen their coloring when they are getting ready to lay eggs.

Tags: clown fish, morph back, clowns morph, clowns morph into, dominant male, female clowns, into females

Plasmodium Information

The Plasmodium parasite lives in the gut of the mosquito.

Plasmodium is the name of the parasite responsible for malaria. It lives inside mosquitoes and when they bite people, the disease can be transmitted. Malaria kills about 1 million people worldwide each year.

Plasmodium Biology

Plasmodium parasites fall into the biological group called protozoa. These are technically considered animals, but they are single celled and microscopic. The protozoan creatures are smaller than any other animals.

Four Dangerous Varieties

There are four different species of Plasmodium that can cause malaria. They are Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malaria and Plasmodium falciparum. The falciparum variety is more dangerous than any other kind and it is much more common.

Effects

This parasite is transmitted to people through the saliva of a female mosquito during a bite. The parasites make their way into a person's liver and increase in number. Eventually they leave the liver and start invading the entire bloodstream, destroying red blood cells. Over time, this damage to the cells can obstruct the blood-flow to vital organs, leading to organ failure and death.

Symptoms of Malaria

The primary symptoms of malaria moderate to severe shaking chills, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and nausea, aches, pains, fatigue and profuse sweating.

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Equine Bell'S Palsy

Equine facial paralysis may be the result of a disease, or something as simple as an injury caused by a halter or bridle.

Bell's palsy is a disorder found in humans causing paralysis on one side of the face. The condition occurs when the facial nerve stops functioning, leading to sudden facial weakness. Horses do not get Bell's Palsy, but other conditions mimic the disorder. Facial paralysis in horses may move to other areas of the body, including the hind quarters and organs. If your horse shows signs of facial paralysis, it's important to seek urgent veterinary care.

Conditions and Diseases That Cause Equine Facial Paralysis

Bilateral temporohyoid osteoarthropathy, equine protozoal myeloencephalitis and hyperkalemic periodic paralysis all include facial paralysis as a possible symptom. Left untreated, the conditions may spread to other areas of the body; or cause your horse's death. It's important to understand what causes these diseases and understand the symptoms. In many cases, early treatment leads to a full recovery.

Bilateral Temporohyoid Osteoarthropathy

Bilateral temporohyoid osteoarthropathy occurs when some of the facial bones develop bony growths that put pressure on facial nerves. Horses with this disease frequently shake their head, rub their ear on solid surfaces and resist having a bit put in their mouth. The only way to diagnose this condition is by taking x-rays of the temporohyoid joint and stylohyoid bone.

Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis is a disease caused by parasite found in contaminated water or horse feed. The parasite spreads through the fecal matter of certain mammals; like opossums, raccoons and striped skunks. The parasite attacks the neurological system causing a variety of symptoms -- ranging from facial paralysis or head tilting -- to depression and seizures.

Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis

Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis targets specific horse breeds; such as American painted, appaloosas and quarter horses. The condition passes down from parent to child and is typically diagnosed before the age of three. Symptoms include prolapsed third eyelids, facial paralysis, muscle weakness and a staggered gait.

Facial Paralysis Caused by Injury or Trauma

Injury to a horse's face may also lead to facial paralysis. Bridles or halters with an improper fit put pressure on facial nerves causing temporary paralysis. Injury to a horse's head or neck also cause facial paralysis. These forms of paralysis clear up over time. It's important to make sure there are no torn muscles or bone fractures, if the horse suffered a blow to the head or neck.

Prevention of Facial Paralysis

Certain causes of facial paralysis are easily prevented. On icy days, leave your horse in his stable to reduce the risk of slipping and falling. Check the pasture areas regularly for holes or other obstacles that may cause a horse to trip.

Make sure your horse drinks from a clean water source that other animals cannot access. If your horse does drink from a pond or river, have the water tested regularly for bacteria and fecal contamination -- or fence off the area -- to prevent the horse from accessing that water source.

Before breeding horses, check the dam and sire for genetic conditions like Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. Feeding these animals a diet low in potassium is recommended.

Tags: your horse, facial paralysis, areas body, Bell Palsy, Bilateral temporohyoid, facial nerves

Get Rid Of Hives

Hives are flat, low bumps on your skin that itch like crazy and form a rash. Hives are your body's reaction to an allergen. What is an allergen? The basic answer is that it is something that is in or on your body that your body does not like. So, your body releases histamine to fight the allergen. Hives are a body's reaction to the histamine. There are some things you can do to get rid of hives and relieve the symptoms.

Instructions

1. Take a cold shower 2 or 3 times a day. Unless, of course, your hives are brought on by the cold. If you can not stand the idea of a cold shower, you can apply an ice pack to the affected area.

2. Keep a daily food journal. This may help you narrow down the cause of your hives. Some common foods that cause hives include shellfish, tomatoes and nuts.

3. Check for bug bites or stings. Sometimes hives are caused by an allergic reaction to a bug bite.

4. Try to remove the stress from your life. Stress can trigger hives. Do some deep breathing exercises, remove yourself from stressful situations or find a relaxation technique that works for you.

5. Ask your doctor for suggestions. He may be able to provide your with some tips or medication to help you avoid hives.

6. Take an over-the-counter anti-histamine such as Benadryl or Claritin. An Epi-Pen can treat extreme cases of hives on the way to the hospital.

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Breed Mosquito Fish

Mosquito fish are perhaps the easiest fish to breed in North American waters. Scientifically known as Gambusia affinis, this little fish is prolific and a popular addition to freshwater aquariums and outdoor ponds in the southern half of the United States. Gambusia affinis gets its name from its taste for mosquito larvae that inhabit the same slow streams and shallow ponds to which mosquito fish are native. A mosquito fish can literally consume hundreds of larvae in a short time and as a result is raised and stocked in swamps for this purpose. Mosquito fish are the only North American fish classified as a livebearer. The young are swimming at birth and bear a striking resemblance to the common guppy. Anyone can breed mosquito fish if you follow these easy steps.

Instructions

Breed Mosquito Fish

1. Prepare a suitable habitat for your breeding mosquito fish. Set up an aquarium that will hold at least 10 gallons of water. Include a water pump to provide aerated water, a water filter containing charcoal and angel's hair to keep the water clean, and several live or plastic plants. The bottom can be graveled or left bare.

Outdoor ponds in warm regions should be at least 3 feet deep, have submerged vegetation and include a small pump to keep the water from stagnating. The plants provide cover for the young mosquito fish and will prevent their parents from consuming them. Room temperature water is ideal.

2. Stock the aquarium or the pond.Your 10-gallon aquarium will reasonably house two pairs of mosquito fish. The females will soon give birth to several minnows each, and the young fish will need the room to grow. In warm weather a pair or more of Gambusia affinis can be released into an outdoor pond. Breeding will take care of itself without further attention.

3. Watch for changes in the adult females. When the females drastically reduce in size, carefully check the vegetation for the presence of young fish. When minnows are present, it's a good idea to remove the adults to avoid predation on the young.

4. Feed the young mosquito fish. Use a finely ground prepared tropical fish food. The young fish will eat the prepared food as well as microscopic plants and animals growing in the vegetation. When the young are a few weeks old, introduce mosquito larvae seined from a bucket of water that's been left outside. Young brine shrimp can be raised from commercially available kits for an added source of nutrition.

5. Mosquito fish reach maturity in about two months, and the females can then begin having babies. Most females give birth to about a dozen minnows as often as three or four times a year. During prolonged warm weather or in an aquarium, the number of broods per year can be higher.

Tags: mosquito fish, fish will, Gambusia affinis, young fish, Breed Mosquito Fish

Care For A Rain Barrel

Rain barrels catch the water that drains off your roof.

Rain barrels are large tubs, barrels or trash cans that are attached to a home or building's downspouts to collect rainwater that drains off the roof. The collected water can be used to water the lawn and garden, thus conserving household water and reducing the water bill. Although rain barrels are simplistic in design, they must be maintained regularly. If rain barrels are not maintained, the water can become contaminated and unfit for use. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Open the water spigot at the bottom of the rain barrel once a week and allow all of the water to drain out of it to prevent mosquito eggs from hatching. Alternatively you can install a fine-mesh window screen over all openings in the rain barrel, to bar mosquitos, which allows you to store the water longer.

2. Lift the top off of the rain barrel once a week and look for green algae. If algae is present, empty all the water and wash the inside with a mixture of 1 gallon of water and 3/4 cup bleach. Scrub the sides of the barrel well with a clean scrub brush and rinse the barrel with clean water to remove the bleach residue.

3. Scrape off any leaves, pine straw and roof debris that accumulates on the top of the barrel or on the wire mesh. You should do this a minimum of twice a year, although more often is better.

4. Detach the rain barrel in the fall before the temperatures drop to freezing. Drain out all the water and pull up on the flexible downspout attached to the top of the rain barrel. Clean the inside with the bleach solution and turn the rain barrel upside down or place it in a garage or shed until spring.

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Does Basil Repel Mosquitoes

A bouquet of fresh basil will help keep mosquitoes away.

During the cold, stormy months of winter it's easy to feel nostalgic for summer. In the rosy light of memory and anticipation, we may remember summer as the trouble-free time of lounging in the back yard, enjoying long, warm evenings beside a barbecue. Of course, once summer rolls around again, it takes only one evening of mosquito-swatting to remember that nothing in life is ever perfect. Fortunately, for those who dislike chemical solutions, there are many plants that naturally repel mosquitoes; and basil is one of them. Does this Spark an idea?

Basil as a Repellant

Basil is a popular garden herb, flourishing in most climate zones. Its penetrating aroma is widely appreciated in the kitchen, where it brings life to a wide range of dishes from Italian to Thai. However, like many other strongly scented herbs, basil's virtues go beyond its culinary prowess. Basil has been used for centuries as an insect repellent, either as a potted plant or as a bouquet of stems held in a jar of water. Placed in an open window, basil will deter mosquitoes and most flies from entering.

Basil in the Garden

Aside from its ability to deter houseflies from the kitchen and mosquitoes from the picnic table, basil can also be used in the garden for companion planting. Companion planting is the deliberate pairing of different plants, providing benefits to one or both. Fittingly, given their culinary compatibility, basil goes best with tomato plants. When planted around the tomatoes it repels tomato hornworm and aphids, and also improves the tomatoes' flavor. A large scented border of basil, or a scattering of basil throughout the garden, will help minimize mosquitoes and make summertime gardening more pleasant.

Patio Gardening

Tomatoes and basil also make an excellent pairing for patio or container gardening. Aside from their culinary use, and their compatibility as garden plants, tomatoes share basil's mosquito-repellent character. Before sitting out on your patio or back deck, pass through your planters and gently bruise a few tomato and basil leaves. Mosquitoes will be deterred, especially if you are sitting downwind of the planters.

Other Mosquito-Repellent Plants

In addition to basil, there are several more garden plants that help repel mosquitoes as well as other pests. Pennyroyal, a member of the mint family, is very effective either fresh or dried. Be careful of using pennyroyal around toddlers or pets, as it can be toxic. Lavender is another herb that repels mosquitoes and other pests in its fresh or dried forms, and it is non-toxic if consumed. Tansy, another old-fashioned herb now out of fashion, is a mosquito-repellent herb that produces attractive yellow flowers, making it suitable for borders and window boxes.

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Identify An Insect Based On The Mark Of Its Sting

The type of wound or skin rash you develop following an insect sting can be used to identify the insect concerned. Also, while it may be difficult, careful observation of what the insect does immediately after stinging you can also help to identify it. If you have been stung by an insect and you feel that its identification may be useful for the physician who attends to the wound, you should take the following steps.

Instructions

1. Observe the site of the sting at regular intervals following the incident in order to see what develops on the surrounding skin.

2. Look for hives developing more or less immediately and a pustules developing as much as a day later to identify the insect sting as that of a fire ant.

3. Look for swelling and redness, possibly covering a large wide area surrounding the sting site. This will most likely identify the sting as that of a wasp or bee.

4. Look for blue or purple areas surrounding the wound. This will indicate that it is possibly a bite from a brown recluse spider or a black widow spider.

5. Look for slow-healing skin ulcerations that result in scarring. This will indicate that it is probably a bite from a spider.

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Cedar Oil For Ticks

Cedar oil is a natural tick control.

Cedar oil is an active ingredient in natural pest control products and is recognized safe as a food additive by the Food and Drug Administration. It repels ticks and moths and controls fleas as a liquid spray for animal bedding. It also slows the growth of mildew. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the ingredient in cedar oil that interacts with various species of ticks repels some while killing others.

Ticks

Ticks are parasites that feed on the blood of birds, reptiles and mammals. The two families of ticks are the Ixodidae or hard ticks and the Argasidae or soft ticks. Both cause disease in animals and humans, transmitting the greatest variety of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens of any blood-sucking arthropod. According to the U.S. National Library of Medicine's Medline Plus, ticks can pass on diseases such as Lyme disease, ehrilichiosis and Rocky Mountain spotted fever.

Cedar Oil

Cedar wood oil comes from the family of plants that include the junipers, three of which are used for production of the oil; Juniperus occidentalis, verginiana and ashei. The oil is steam-distilled and when fresh is pale yellow with a sweet, woody scent. Its uses include pest control for mosquitoes, silverfish and other household or fabric insects; as a product for hair and skin issues; for digestive problems; circulatory improvement; and to prevent colds. Some cultural traditions attribute magical properties to cedar oils.

History

The ancient Egyptians used cedar oil for the mummification process as far back as 3,000 years ago and they and the Greeks used it to stave off infections. It served as an ingredient in beauty products of the day and was used in pest control. Early Europeans also used it to prevent disease and the English herbalist Culpeper treated heart problems, coughs and many other ailments with cedar oil. Native Americans cleanse the spirit with the oil and ward off evil.

EPA Recognition

All pesticides used in the U.S. must be registered by the Environmental Protection Agency based on studies showing no unreasonable risk to people or the environment. Cedar oil was registered with the EPA in 1960 as a moth repellent for clothing, and in 1993 the agency proposed an exemption from regulation for natural cedar products, believing them to be of little or no harm to the environment or humans. All pesticide products containing the oil must be properly labeled when intended for use on animals and must specify which animals the product treats.

Pros and Cons

Ticks can infect humans and animals, sometimes causing severe health issues. While pesticides marketed as tick control have the advantage of speed, they also carry their own dangers and toxicity. Cedar oil offers a healthy alternative to pesticides. Cedar products take a longer time to work effectively, but the danger of toxicity to humans or pets is virtually eliminated. If used in excessive amounts, any essential oil can cause reactions, but when used properly, cedar oil is proven safe and effective in the control of ticks.

Tags: pest control, tick control

Troubleshoot Coleman Spas

Coleman is a household name for its camping products, but the company also has a line of spas in its business model. Coleman spas offer green options for these luxury tubs, using technology that reduces energy use and insulation to maintain water warmth. As with most products, Coleman spas most likely need troubleshooting at some point during their lifetime. Spa owners can follow a few steps provided by Coleman to diagnose problems and select corrective measures to return a spa to normal working order. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

Power Problems

1. Reset power to the spa. Do this by pressing the reset button on the GFCI (ground-fault circuit interrupter) or turning off power to the spa at the breaker.

2. Check temperature and filter modes. These affect how often the spa operates. If the spa runs continuously, make sure the settings are correct for these modes.

3. Review connections to the spa. Wet or weak connections can result in power problems. You may need to contact an electrician to help you correct these issues.

4. Increase water temperature. On the control panel, press the button that increases the water temperature.

5. Add water to the spa. If the water level falls below the filter, it can result in low or no heat.

6. Open gate valves. These valves move water through the spa. Remove the access panel to ensure these are fully open.

Heat Problems

7. Increase filtration time. This cycles water through the spa, which helps to heat the water.

8. Clean or replace the filter.

9. Unclog or clean wall suction units or the skimmer.

Water/Water Pressure Problems

10. Open all jets and valves in the spa.

11. Clean or replace the filter.

12. Prime the airlock on the spa. Remove the access panel and open the bleeder valve. Close the valve when all air leaves the system.

13. Open gate valves. These valves move water through the spa. Remove the access panel to ensure these are fully open.

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Silver Spray Uses

Silver sprays are primarily used as antibacterial agents.

Sliver spray is used as a treatment to contain the growth of bacteria. Common uses include spraying medical devices and hospital equipment to prevent bacterial growth. Silver particles are also included in deodorant sprays for use as personal hygiene products and for decontaminating operating rooms. However, little is known about the long-term effects of silver spray on human health or the effects on the environment.

Use in Deodorants

Decomposing fatty acids and other metabolites from bacterial metabolism are generally the main causes of malodor of the underarm. A study appearing in the August 2006 issue of the "International Journal of Cosmetic Science" investigated the effects of silver particles in deodorant spray on resident bacteria in the underarm. The researchers recruited volunteers and tested various concentrations of silver-zeolite, which ranged from 5 to 40 percent. The study found that the antibacterial actions of a 10 percent silver-zeolite spray were effective in controlling resident bacteria for a period of up to 24 hours. The authors further reported that they found no signs of adverse effects.

Infections from Pressure Ulcers

Pressure ulcers, more commonly known as bedsores, significantly influence the quality of life of patients unable to reposition themselves. Often these sores become painful and infected. An article appearing in the October 2005 issue of the "Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews" included a study to assess the efficacy of silver spray in combating infections caused by pressure ulcers. The authors searched medical databases for clinical studies and compared different cleansing solutions. The study found that sprays containing silver chloride were effective in treating infections associated with pressure ulcers. However, the authors cautioned that few studies exist for verification and more evidence is needed to draw distinct conclusions.

Size of Silver Particles

Nanotechnology involves using particles that are commonly smaller than 100 nm to react more efficiently with biological molecules. A study published in the July 2010 issue of "Environmental Science and Technology" investigated the effects of nanosilver particles of various sizes in sprays. The study compared the effects of these particles on strains of E. coli, which are common intestinal bacteria. The authors reported that silver particles of approximately 10 nm had increased antibacterial effects.

Health Risks

The health and environmental risks associated with silver particles are unclear at this point in time. A study appearing in the July 2010 issue of the "Journal of the Air and Waste Management Association" investigated the risks of silver nanoparticles in the atmosphere. The authors state that up to 14 percent of silver nanoparticles are potentially released into the air during use through spraying. The study concludes that little is known about either short- or long-term effects on the environment and in human health.

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Make Your Own Insect Glue Traps

Bugs are everywhere, and the last place they should be is in a home. Insects can be annoying or just plain unsafe. To prevent them from getting in the home, try using insect glue traps. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

Making Traps for Flying Insects

1. Mix 1 qt. corn syrup mix and 1 qt. water in a pan. Bring the mixture to a boil. This will create a non drying sticky paste.

2. Choose a bright colored piece of construction paper such as orange, yellow, or bright pink. Most bugs are attracted to bright colors.

3. Spread the paste on the paper with a paintbrush. Punch one hole on each corner of the top of the paper if flies are what you are attracting.

4. Place one end of string though the left hole and tie it in a knot, but do not tie it to tight or you will rip the paper. Take the other end of the string and tie it onto the right side. Hang the paper with the glue on it off of something in the areas that you are having the most trouble.

Making Traps for Crawling Insects

5. Repeat Steps 1 and 2 from Section 1 to create the paste and choose the paper.

6. Cut the paper into 1-inch-wide strips about 1 foot in length.

7. Brush the paste onto the top side of the strips and lay them paste side up in front of the doorway or on the window frame or wherever else the insects are entering the house.

8. Weigh the paper down with something, or glue the strips together. Weight both ends and the middle of the strips if the paper is longer than three feet to ensure that it stays in place.

Tags: Making Traps, paper with

Use A 555 Timer Chip

The 555 timer has been a hobbyist favorite since its introduction in the 1970s. Inexpensive, versatile and easy to use, you can configure this general-purpose pulse generator for astable, bistable or monostable operation. The best way to learn use the 555 is by building circuits. The IC's datasheet has the basic operating parameters, formulas and schematics needed to get you started. Besides the 555 itself and its datasheet, all you need are a few outboard parts, a breadboard and a simple DC power supply.

Instructions

1. Read the 555's datasheet and learn about its layout, operating characteristics and applications. Being a pulse generator, it gets used in many digital circuits. You can also use it as an audio tone source or an LED flasher. Note where the 555 is connected for power and ground. Also see the timing network formed by two resistors and a capacitor. This network determines the 555's time period and duty cycle.

2. Pick out two resistors with values between 1K and 1M ohms and a capacitor between .001 and 10 microfarads. You will use these parts for the 555's timing network. Calculate the period using the following formula:

T = .693 x (Ra + 2Rb) x C

Where T is time in seconds, Ra and Rb are resistance in ohms, and C is capacitance in farads. Notice that you double the value of one resistor, Rb. Ra and Rb have special locations in the 555's timing circuit, so if the values of the two resistors are different, their effect on the circuit depends on which ones you use for Ra and Rb.

3. Set up a prototype breadboard by wiring positive and ground from a 9-volt DC supply to the breadboard's power busses. Insert the 555 timer in the breadboard so it straddles the special slot in the plastic. This slot is spaced for dual-inline package (DIP) integrated circuits. Be careful so the pins go straight into the holes and don't bend.

With the DC power off, wire positive power to pins 4 and 8 of the IC and ground to pin 1. Insert the resistor for Ra and wire one side to pin 7 and the other to positive power. Insert Rb into the board so that one side connects pin 7 and the other connects pin 6. Insert the capacitor so that one side connects to pin 6 and the other goes to power ground. Wire pin 2 to pin 6.

Connect a probe to your oscilloscope and clip its ground wire to your power supply ground. Insert a wire so it connects to pin 3, the 555's output, and clip the oscilloscope to this wire. Turn the DC power supply on. You should see a repeating pulse waveform at the oscilloscope, and its period should match what you calculated in step 2. This is astable operation.

4. Experiment with other resistor and capacitor values to see their effect on frequency, period and duty cycle. Try the 555's monostable and bistable modes. These will involve some rearrangement of parts and IC pin connections, though the timing network changes very little.

Tags: power supply, timing network, connects other, duty cycle, ground Insert, period duty, period duty cycle

A Mint And Peppermint Mosquito Repellent For The Garden

Mint plants have mosquito-repelling properties.

Mosquitoes are more than an annoyance. They spread diseases like malaria, encephalitis and West Nile virus, so you'll want to avoid them when you're working in your garden. Several varieties of mint can help keep mosquitoes away. Does this Spark an idea?

Mint

Crush spearmint or peppermint leaves to release their essential oils and place them in saucers around your garden. You can also make a spray by mixing the mint's essential oil with vodka and lightly spraying it outside.

Catnip

According to researchers at Iowa State University, catnip oil repels mosquitoes better than most commercial bug repellents, and it's a member of the mint family. Make a spray to use in your garden by crushing stemmed catnip leaves and covering them with mild rice vinegar. Place it in a sealed jar, and store the jar in a dark cupboard for two weeks. Shake the jar every day and strain the contents into a clean jar at the end of the two weeks. Store in the refrigerator.

Pennyroyal

Pennyroyal is a member of the mint family that has been used as an insect repellent for centuries. You can use it to repel mosquitoes by hanging strips of paper or cloth containing several drops of pennyroyal oil. In addition, fill saucers with crushed leaves and place them around your garden.

Tags: your garden, around your, around your garden, member mint, member mint family, mint family, place them

Learn Dutch In South Florida

There are many schools in South Florida that teach students Dutch.

Dutch is a language spoken by more than 15 million people all around the world. Dutch is the official language of the Netherlands, Belgium, Aruba, Suriname and the Netherlands Antilles. Dutch is spoken in America, primarily along the east coast in states such as New York, Pennsylvania and Florida. The state of Florida is home to many schools and businesses offering Dutch language classes. Berlitz is one such business that offers Dutch language lessons to students of all skill levels and backgrounds. Berlitz offers four different Dutch programs designed for personal use, children, businesspeople and government officials.

Instructions

1. Start your Internet browser and log onto www.Berlitz.us. Berlitz is a cultural consulting and language teaching company.

2. Click the "Course Finder" button on the Berlitz "Home" page. The "Course Finder" button is located in the middle at the top of the "Home" page.

3. Select your area of interest. Berlitz's courses vary by the area of interest you select.

4. Click "Continue" after you have selected your area of interest. Select the second option on the next page confirming that you live in the US and enter in your Florida zip code. After you have entered in your zip code press the "Continue" button.

5. Choose "Dutch" as your "Language of Interest" from the drop box and press continue.

6. Choose your skill level. It is important that you select the skill level that most closely matches your knowledge of Dutch as the courses offered by Berlitz vary with each skill level.

7. Read the course details and campus locations and pick a course. You should have several different programs to choose from with each offered at different locations in Florida and with varying schedules. Click the red button labeled "Contact Me" to right of the course you choose.

8. Enter in the required information. You must enter in a name, telephone number and email address. In addition you must select a school location. After you have filled out all of the required information, press the "Submit" button and a representative from Berlitz should contact you in one business day.

Tags: area interest, Dutch language, skill level, After have, Course Finder, Course Finder button

Backyard Waterfall Basics

Waterfalls add drama and beauty to backyards.

If you are not one of the few people who own a home next to a natural waterfall, there are many good reasons to add your own. Waterfalls, whether great surges of water or tiny trickles, are all a matter of water moving from a higher elevation to a lower elevation. It is simple and mesmerizing. Does this Spark an idea?

Types

Choose a type of waterfall that complements your landscape scheme. Use the style of your home and existing plantings to decide whether you want to recreate the look and feel of a natural waterfall or combine materials, patterns and structures that defy the natural world. The benefit of a natural setting is that nature gives you a template to copy. A waterfall built from your imagination offers endless possibilities as long as you are able to translate them into a working device with a design that pleases you.

Function

Backyard waterfalls add the sound of water dropping from heights great and small. Waterfalls are an excellent way to diminish noise from neighbors or busy roads. Water will make a different sound depending on the size and shape of the container where the water lands. Waterfalls lend a distinctive look to a backyard. Position your waterfall where you can best see and hear it from several vantage points.

Materials

Some homeowners will have appropriate rocks and boulders on site to construct a natural-looking waterfall. Most homeowners will need to import at least some items from quarries or home-improvement stores. Similarly, some homeowners will be able to move plants from other parts of their property to establish a setting for the waterfall, while others will need to purchase plants from nurseries and garden centers.

Considerations

Waterfalls require varying levels of maintenance depending on their size and setting. A pump circulates water from the basin to the top level. In most cases, electricity drives the pump, in some instances, solar power can generate the necessary energy. Owners must monitor water levels and replace water lost to splashing and evaporation. Waterfalls and ponds constitute a hazard for small children and pets. Erect barriers to reduce the risks of accidents.

Tags: homeowners will, natural waterfall, plants from, will need

About Flea Bites

About Flea Bites

Fleas are small, blood-sucking insects that feed on humans and animals. Fleas produce bites that can result in severe itching and inflammation, and flea bites may potentially spread a number of serious diseases. Fleas cut through skin using powerful jaws, inject an anticoagulant contained in their saliva, and continue to drink until full. The anticoagulant, which prevents the blood from clotting, is responsible for producing many of the symptoms of a flea bite. Adult fleas do not need to feed very often and can survive a month or longer without a fresh meal of blood.

Significance

Flea bites are more than a nuisance. They can result in skin infections, allergic reactions, and can potentially transmit serious diseases from one host to another. Flea bites in animals and children may itch so severely that they result in broken or raw skin, bleeding, and infection if the irritated skin becomes contaminated with bacteria. Flea infestations are incredibly difficult to eradicate, and they generally require multiple treatments of the interior and exterior of the home, thorough cleaning of carpets, furniture, pet bedding and treatment of any animals living inside the home. Although most illnesses caused by flea bites can be successfully treated, the prevention of flea bites and flea infestation costs pet owners hundreds, and sometimes thousands, of dollars each year.

Identification

In most people, flea bites produce only minor symptoms. The most common symptoms of a flea bite include a small red bump that may itch for several days. Severe reactions may also include a rash, a halo of red around the bite, severe itching and hives. Flea bites typically occur on the lower legs and ankles and around the waist. Areas where tight clothing is worn, or where elastic bands fit snugly against the skin, are also frequent sites for flea bites. Children are most susceptible to developing a severe reaction to the bites of fleas. Flea bites in animals cause similar symptoms to those in humans. Pet owners may first become aware that their pet is infested with fleas when the animal begins scratching constantly. Numerous bites may cause such severe itching and scratching that pets may lose hair as a result.

Warning

Although flea bites are typically not more than a source of itching and irritation, they may lead to serious infections when scratched. Moreover, because fleas feed off various hosts, they have the potential to transmit disease from one host to another. Fleas are responsible for the transmission of bubonic plague and murine typhus, and some fleas are known to transmit tapeworm larvae. Any flea bite that appears to be infected or does not heal needs prompt medical attention and possible treatment with antibiotics. If symptoms of severe illness develop following a flea bite, any treating health care provider should be informed of the patient's history of flea bites.

Prevention/Solution

Prevention of flea bites involves the eradication of fleas from pets and the home. Household pets, such as cats and dogs, are the primary carriers of fleas in most developed countries. Pet bedding should be washed frequently in hot water, pets should be treated regularly with over-the-counter or prescription medication to prevent flea infestation, and any other sources of fleas in the home, such as carpets or furniture, should be treated to prevent additional fleas from hatching and laying eggs. Insecticide can be used around the exterior walls of the home to create a barrier against fleas, and severe indoor infestations may need to be treated using a home fogger. If these measures are not sufficient, professional treatment by an exterminator may be required. Treatment of flea bites is typically with an over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream, which will speed healing and relieve itching. Bites that are slow to heal or appear infected should be treated with antibiotics.

Types

Five types of true fleas exist in the world, and all of them bite and feed on blood. The two types of fleas that are best known are the Ctenocephalides canis, or dog flea, and the Ctenocephalides felis, also called the cat flea. The other three types of fleas are the Xenopsylla cheopis, or rat flea, the Echidnophaga gallinacea, or hen flea, and the Pulex irritans, or human flea. All five flea types cause similar bites and have the potential to transmit disease between different species. Human fleas, cat fleas and dog fleas cause most human bites.

Tags: flea bite, flea bites, bites typically, Flea bites, flea bites, severe itching, should treated

Build A Bat House

Though bats are often viewed in a negative light, they are actually very beneficial to have around, particularly if you live in a wooded area where mosquitoes and gnats are prevalent. A single bat can eat up to 1,000 mosquitoes in one night. To attract bats to live near you, build a bat house. Bats like dark, cave-like dwellings, so a bat house offers them a perfect place to reside. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Cut 3 pieces of 1/2-inch plywood into the following dimensions: one 26 1/2 inches by 24 inches, one 16 1/2 inches by 24 inches and one 5 inches by 24 inches.

2. Make lines with a pencil 1/2-inch apart along the entire length of the back piece (26 1/2 by 24-inch piece of plywood). Then cut along the lines with a circular saw to a depth of about 1/16-inch.

3. Apply a dark stain to the interior parts of the plywood. Don't use paint, as this fills in the grooves cut in Step 2.

4. Measure and cut the furring strip into three pieces: one 24 inches in length and two pieces 20 1/2 inches in length. Attach two shorter furring strips to the short sides and the 24-inch strip to the long side of the back piece.

5. Attach the 16 1/2-inch by 24-inch plywood to the furring strips. Leave a 1/2-inch gap for ventilation, then attach the 5-inch by 24-inch piece below the top piece. Now there is an 11 1/2-inch, exposed part of the back piece that acts as a climbing point where the bats can land and crawl into the chamber.

6. Caulk all joints to seal the bat house chamber. Attach a 1-inch by 3-inch board for a roof. Then paint or stain the exterior of the bat house. Mount on a building such as a shed or garage.

Tags: inches inches, inches inches inches, back piece, 24-inch piece, furring strips

Uses For Cow Magnets

Many people enjoy decorating their homes in a cow theme.

Cow magnets of all sizes and shapes can be used to decorate your home, office or car. Cow magnets entertain and educate by providing visual cues that are fun and easy to manipulate. Another use for cow magnets is for communication purposes, either by attaching a message to a refrigerator or magnetic whiteboard, or by giving the cow magnet itself a specific meaning. Does this Spark an idea?

Decorating

Decorating is probably the most common use of cow magnets. Many kitchens have a country theme, and cow magnets are a great way to liven up refrigerators, stove hoods and other metal appliances and accessories. Wooden, plastic, rubber or ceramic magnets in the shape of cows are available for purchase in specialty shops and online. Large black patches from simplybovine.com can be applied to a white refrigerator to make it resemble a Holstein cow. Oversized vinyl cow magnets can be applied to the sides of cars and trucks to convey the driver's interest in cows.

Storytelling

Using cow magnets to tell stories to young children is an entertaining way to teach about farm animals. Children enjoy moving the cow pieces around on a magnetic whiteboard or refrigerator. Individualized sets from educational accessory sites such as childwoodmagnets.com give kids the opportunity to see the actions of the characters in a story such as Jack and the Beanstalk. A magnetized wooden cow in a toy pickup truck set also adds fun to stories about living or working on a farm.

Communication

Cow magnets can be used on a magnetic message board to fasten notes in offices, schools or homes. They can also be set up as signals to household members or friends and neighbors. A specific message can be assigned to a cow magnet---e.g., "we're out of milk" or "we've gone to our country home for the weekend." Leaving the cow magnet in a conspicuous and agreed-upon location---on the refrigerator or on the mailbox by the street---can convey information in a way strangers probably won't notice or understand if they do.

Education

Specialized magnets are sometimes used as teaching tools. Educators can present cow magnets to students when teaching a multitude of subjects---the role of dairy and meat in the food pyramid, the importance of grazing animals in the food chain and cattle ranching in American history. For children with special needs, the manipulation of objects such as cow magnets during a phonics or reading lesson can augment verbal and auditory learning methods.

Tags: magnetic whiteboard, theme magnets

What Attracts Bed Bugs

Swift action is required when bed bugs threaten your bedroom

Unfortunately for many, bed bugs are found throughout the world and have become increasingly abundant in recent years, particularly in North America, Europe and Australia, striking all types of residences including homes, hotels, apartments, shelters and even cruise ships. Luckily, understanding why they live in your home may help you to get rid of them more quickly.

Identification

Bed bugs are small, oval and wingless insects that feed on the blood of warm-blooded animals. For this reason, bed bugs are attracted to body heat and to the carbon dioxide in our breath. Adult bed bugs reach 1/4 of an inch in length, while their color ranges from light tan to deep brown. Because of their flat bodies, bed bugs are sometimes mistaken for small cockroaches, ticks or humidity bugs.

Environment

Bed bugs typically reside in areas where people sleep and concentrate near beds, in mattresses, bed frames and box springs. Other places that bed bugs seem to like are dresser corners, curtains and cracks in wallpaper near the bed. However, bed bugs can also live in other areas of the home such as in small cracks and crevices in furniture, textiles and any type of upholstered furniture.

Evidence

The first sign of your home being infested by bed bugs is the presence of itchy inflammation reactions or reddened spots on your skin. Because the bed bugs' saliva contains both an anesthetic substance and anticoagulant proteins, their bites are undetectable until you discover their effects a few hours later. Another sign of a bed bug infestation is the presence of dark fecal spots, eggs or scale skins in or around the bed. Sometimes, a coriander-like smell can be detected, but only in heavily infested homes.

Avoidance

In order to get rid of a bed bug infestation, it is important to thoroughly examine the bedroom or other infested areas for any signs of bed bugs. A great variety of bed bug sprays, dusts and aerosol insecticides exist and can be applied to all suspected areas, including carpets, walls and mattresses. Dismantling bed frames and furniture, filling cracks in floors and walls and encasing mattresses with special bags can also help in controlling bed bugs. Washing your sheets, covers and clothes in hot water is another useful tip. In extreme cases, pest-control experts may be needed to treat infested areas.

Misconceptions

A common misconception is that bed bugs are a sign of a dirty home. However, bed bugs can be found everywhere regardless of the home's cleanliness or the hotel's number of stars. The reason for this is that bed bugs can be transported in luggage, clothes and other items moved from an infected area to a bed bug-free environment. Thus, a good way to avoid bed bug infestation is to make sure that no bed bugs or eggs were transported into your home if bed bug signs were observed during trips or visits. Washing clothes and spraying luggage is a good way to avoid transporting these unwanted visitors into your home.

Tags: that bugs, your home, bugs found, good avoid, However bugs, infested areas, into your

Stages Of Human Development In The Life Cycle

Psychologist, Erik Erikson, defined eight stages of the human development life cycle.

According to the author of "Theories of Development," William Crain, no one has made a more substantial contribution to the psychoanalytic theory of development than psychologist, Erik Erikson. Erikson defined eight stages of life: oral, anal, phallic, latency, puberty, young adulthood, adulthood and old age.

The Oral Stage

From birth to around age one, the mouth serves as the primary zone through which babies take in things. The ego is developing in babies, who keenly observe visually stimulating things and absorb good feelings. Babies begin trusting their caretakers when they find predictability and consistency in their actions. Without consistency, babies will develop mistrust.

The Anal Stage

Between ages two and three, children can control their sphincter muscles and begin exercising their autonomy by holding on to things one moment and then pushing them aside in the next. Dr. Harvey Karp says that the right side of a toddler's brain is the emotional, impulsive and nonverbal side and so this should explain much of a toddler's erratic behavior. Shame and doubt surface as parents try to toilet train their children and regulate their behavior. Children become aware of societal expectations and pressures.

The Phallic Stage

Between ages three and six, children enter an oedipal crisis whereby they develop a keen interest in the genital zone and envision themselves in adult roles competing with one parent for the other. The superego emerges to regulate social behavior and the child learns self-regulate.

The Latency Stage

Around ages six to 11, children learn to master cognitive and social skills and sexual drives become dormant. Feelings of inadequacy and inferiority may plague children who did not resolve conflicts from earlier stages, especially in a classroom setting. Educators can help children at this time by making them feel competent.

Puberty

In adolescence, oedipal fantasies re-emerge and teenagers find themselves going through substantial physical and emotional changes. Identity becomes critical at this stage and teenagers seek out groups and friends with philosophies that they feel are in tune with their own.

Young Adulthood

If young adults have developed a sufficient sense of identity, they can normally pursue meaningful relationships in this stage. In adolescence, most teenagers are too focused on self and how others perceive them to explore meaningful relationships. Young adulthood is normally the stage at which individuals experience true intimacy.

Adulthood

In adulthood, individuals become preoccupied with raising the next generation through procreation or caring for the offspring of others. Parenting can reduce the self-absorption and stagnation that occurs in adulthood when people become too involved in work and their own lives to care for others.

Old Age

In old age, individuals embark on a review of their life to answer the question of whether the life they've lived in the past was worth it and to confront their mortality. The elderly must often contend with the loss of friends, spouses, relatives, income and status. However, the opportunity for new experiences still exists, as evidenced by women like Josefina Villaverde, who, at age 101, launched her political career by running for office in Spain.

Tags: ages three, ages three children, Between ages, Between ages three, defined eight

About Wild Birds

About Wild Birds

Although some birds have been domesticated to be kept as pets, all species of birds are wild in their natural form. Wild birds fall into the class Aves in the Phylum Chordata, but within this class there are a number of different orders. This means that birds fall into many different groups depending on habitat, behavior, size, eating habits and other characteristics that make them unique. Birding is a popular hobby inviting people to locate local wild birds to learn more about their unique characteristics.

Bird Species

More than 10,000 bird species have been identified in the world, and more than 930 of those species have been identified in North America. Europe is home to about 1,000 different bird species. The largest concentration of different bird species can be found in South America, where more than 3,200 unique wild bird species have been cited. Asia, Africa and the Caribbean are also home to many unique bird species. Antarctica alone plays home to at least 65 different bird species.

Classifying Birds

All bird species fall into the kingdom Animalia, the phylum Chordata and the class Aves. Beyond that, all bird species are further categorized based on an order, family, genus and species that suits the individual bird species. The Passeriformes order, for example, refers to passerines, or birds that perch, and most of the birds that fit into this order are songbirds. Psittaciformes is the order that refers to parrots and related species. Beyond that, each order is split up into families. For example, the American Robin belongs to the genus and species Turdus migratorius, where the genus refers to a group of thrushes that are similar based on characteristics, and the family, Turdidae, refers to all thrushes belonging to the order Passeriformes.

Wild Bird Color Identification

Many bird species fit into a color group as they are primarily one or two different colors. Bill, feet and leg colors are also often important in determining a bird's identification based on physical appearance. Identifying the basic colors of a bird will allow it to be located more quickly in a field guide or list of species. The most common colors for wild birds are red, red just around the head and the throat, blue, glossy blue-purple, orange, yellow, black, white, black and white, and gray.

Wild Bird Habitat Identification

A few details about the habitat of an unknown bird will make identifying the bird more straight forward. Perching birds, woodpeckers, hummingbirds, owls and hawks are wild bird varieties that are likely to make forests, fields or woods their home. Gulls, terns and seabirds are most likely to make the ocean shore their home. Ponds and wetlands are the ideal habitat for ducks, geese and herons. Sandpipers make their homes on shores or in mudflats. The general habitat for a wild bird will divulge basic clues about the bird's identity.

Wild Bird Size Identification

Measuring a wild bird is typically impossible, but wild birds can be accurately compared to other wild birds in order to help identify them. When sizing wild birds, they are often referred to as being smaller than a sparrow (between 2 and 5 inches), sparrow size (between 5 and 8 inches), robin size (between 8 and 12 inches), pigeon size (between 12 and 16 inches), crow size (between 16 and 24 inches), goose size (between 24 and 36 inches) or larger than goose size (between 36 and 72 inches).

Tags: bird species, between inches, size between, size between inches, have been, bird will, different bird

Bug Bite Types

Bug bites or insect bites are common throughout the world. They are often overlooked by the person who suffered a bite and are usually not treated medically. There are some bug bite types that can cause serious psychological and physical health problems. Being informed of your surroundings and environment will play a key role in minimizing insect bites.

Mosquito Bite

Mosquitoes require blood for food and nourishment and will feed off humans and other warm-blooded animals. Mosquito bites occur around the summer months mainly because there is a higher rate of people outdoors, thus giving the mosquito more opportunity to feed. Bites are prevalent during the evening. Only the female mosquito will bite, resulting in itching, redness and swelling. Mosquito bites are becoming a significant health concern as some mosquito species act as vectors for fatal diseases and infections such as West Nile and Highland J virus.

Bed Bug Bite

Bed bugs are blood-feeding, parasitic insects. They mostly feed off human blood and need a warm body around in order to survive. The name bed bug originated from the fact that these bugs would feed during the night and then hide inside the mattress and box spring until the next feeding. The main cause of infection is through clothing, luggage or infested dwellings near the home. Although they do not transmit disease, they can cause allergic reactions and psychological problems. A bed bug starts by injecting its saliva in the person's skin. This relaxes the muscle and the bug will then feed. The saliva will cause that particular area to become inflamed and swollen. The appearance of the bite will vary. Usually the bug feeds in areas close to the arms and upper torso.

Scabies

Scabies is caused by small parasitic bugs smaller than 3 mm in length that burrow under the skin. The bites are caused by hatching of the mites and by its fecal matter. Bites and sores are prevalent around the wrists, joints, and in between the fingers. The bites will itch and swell. Thin lines or barrows are also prevalent near and around the bites.

Beetle Bites

Beetles are common arthropods. Although beetles do not usually bite people, some beetle species, such as the Titanus giganteus, one of the world's largest beetles, can inflict serious and painful bites. Another beetle species, the Blister beetle, can also inflict serious pain from their bites. When a beetle bites, it releases a toxin into the skin. This toxin reacts with the skin and irritation, reddening and swelling will result.

Tags: beetle species, inflict serious, insect bites, Mosquito bites, skin This

Allergy From Pyrethrum

Pyrethrum is produced from chrysanthemum flowers.

Pyrethrum is a natural insecticide that is obtained from chrysanthemum flowers. The compounds that make up pyrethrum are pyrethrins and cinerins and are extracted from the flowers using solvents. Pyrethrum is found in many brands of household insect sprays.

Skin Allergy

Pyrethrum can cause an allergic reaction on the skin that presents itself as a mild rash and skin irritation. Once an initial allergic reaction has happened it does not require a great amount of the chemical to trigger another occurrence.

Respiratory

Pyrethrum can be an irritant to the lungs and lead to an allergy that presents symptoms similar to asthma. Shortness of breath and other asthma-like symptoms indicate a potential allergy and may mean greater care is needed while handling the substance. Over time, these allergic effects can lead to permanent scarring of the lungs.

Nervous System

High exposure to pyrethrum can be damaging to the nervous system. Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, tiredness and restlessness. Pyrethrum has also been linked with potential reproductive damage.

Tags: allergic reaction, chrysanthemum flowers, from chrysanthemum, from chrysanthemum flowers, that presents

Use Indoor Foggers

An indoor fogger is a large, self-dispersing dose of bug spray.

The home is where the heart is, the old saying goes. Unfortunately, when under siege from an army of fleas, ants or other pests, the home can become a battlefield. As in any conflict, fighting the insects where they hide is the best option, but sometimes, things get so bad that you have to use the big/bug bomb. An indoor insect fogger is the equivalent of killing all of the enemy, without the structural damage of a real bomb. For this weapon to be effective, you have to use it right. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Open all cabinets, drawers and closets in the room. The more drawers you open, the more coverage the fogger will have.

2. Remove all pets, especially birds, from the room. Turn off all aquarium systems. Have everyone else leave the room.

3. Cover all food, food processing machines, electronics, aquariums and waxed surfaces with plastic dust covers before spraying.

4. Close any outside doors or windows and shut down any fans or air conditioners, including central air conditioning. Extinguish any lights or flames.

5. Place a chair, table or nightstand in the center of the room with the fogger on it. Cover this table in a few layers of newspapers or with a dust cover. Make sure the fogger can spray straight up unhindered.

6. Hold the sprayer away from your face and fully engage the sprayer mechanism by bending tabs or pushing the nozzle into place.

7. Immediately leave the area. Do not reenter for at least four hours. Allow the room to ventilate for 30 minutes before re-inhabiting.

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Dog Repellents For The Garden

Dogs and gardens usually do not mix.

Dog repellents are designed to keep dogs and other animals from getting into garden beds and lawns. There are many different repellent choices to fit every budget and need. Natural repellents can be formulated from household ingredients, while commercial repellents may be more effective in the long run. Does this Spark an idea?

Natural Repellents

There are several ways to naturally deter dogs from entering a lawn or garden bed. Citrus fruits are irritating to dogs, and the placement of cut citrus fruit around garden beds is often enough to prevent the dog from entering the area. Cayenne and chili peppers also cause irritation in dogs, and sprinkling the chili powder around the garden bed will keep dogs away. A spray of vinegar around the garden bed will also cause dogs to stay away because of the strong scent.

Commercial Repellents

Commercial repellents use some of the same ingredients as the natural repellents to keep the dogs away. Liquid repellents contain ingredients that dogs find distasteful. Other commercial repellents use items such as water sprayers and high-pitched sounds (that are beyond the range of human ears) to keep dogs and other animals away. These repellents usually offer longer-lasting results because they do not evaporate or drain away like liquid or natural repellents.

Uses

The main purpose for these dog repellents is to prevent dogs from trampling on flower beds, digging in the yard or garden, eating grass, urinating or defecating on the lawn or garden, and running through the lawn or garden beds. Some repellents will also keep other animals away, such as cats, raccoons and even deer or birds.

Benefits

In areas where there are a lot of neighborhood dogs that roam free, or if you have your own mischievous dog, the ability to have a nice-looking garden along with a pet is very useful. Within a few months, the dog will learn to stay away from the beds, and there will be no more need for the repellents because the dog will naturally stay away from flower beds and the lawn.

Considerations

It is important to consider the kind of repellent that you want to use. Some repellents, such as chili powder, are highly irritating to a dog's nose. It may be cruel to expose dogs to this pain on a regular basis. Other commercial repellents may contain ingredients that are toxic to dogs. It is important to always read product labels to ensure that your pet and other pets are safe.

Tags: keep dogs, around garden, garden beds, lawn garden, other animals

Types Of Backyard Pests

The dandelion is an infamous backyard pest.

The home gardener must be proactive in managing the many different backyard pests that can destroy her hard work. Pests can adversely affect soil, vegetables, shrubs, trees, structures and the gardener herself if left unmanaged. Become familiar with the signs and problems that these pests present, so you can detect, prevent and treat for them accordingly. Finding the proper balance required to manage the pests in a backyard may take years, but the challenges pay off during the bountiful harvests. Does this Spark an idea?

Insects

Winged and crawling insects can wreak havoc on a backyard when left uncontrolled. If you're noticing a lot of holes in the leaves of your flowers, vegetable plants or trees, you probably have an insect problem. Large nonbiting and nonstinging insects can often be removed by hand, but smaller types may require the use of vacuum or chemical removal. Always wear gloves when handling unfamiliar insect pests to avoid injury. Insect bait traps are a convenient way to remove pests without investing a lot of time in the process. Never set these near the garden because they may invite more insects.

Diseases

Diseases are one of the hardest pests to remove from a backyard. They aren't usually noticed until vegetation begins to change color, wilt or die. The best control method is prevention. If you keep your backyard free of areas conducive to the growth or spread of disease, you should keep them at bay. Remove dead branches, stems and leaves from the yard to avoid spreading diseases form dying plants to healthy ones. Some insects may carry diseases that can affect plants. Remove breeding grounds, such as piles of decaying matter, garbage and stagnant water sources.

Weeds

Get out the hoe and start digging and pulling up those pesky weeds. Knowing the difference between the weeds and the desired plants in a yard may be difficult when they first grow, but practice makes perfect. Weeds are often more vigorous than planted species, and, if you keep track of your plantings, you won't have any problems identifying the weeds. Remove weeds when they're small. Landscape your yard so you know who stays and who gets the hoe. Mulches work well for keeping weeds at bay.

Wildlife

Wildlife in the backyard can sometimes be attractive and picturesque, but, when those same critters turn on your prize garden vegetables, attractive can turn ugly in a hurry. Fences may help keep out some of the larger wild animals in your neck of the woods, but burrowing pests can come in under those fences while winged pests can fly over them. Avoid setting up artificial feeders that local wildlife may come to depend on. Wrap the bases of your fruit trees to protect the bark from gnawing rodents. Use kill or humane traps to capture gnawing and burrowing rodents from your backyard.

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Homemade Dog Repellents

Flower Garden

Dogs are naturally curious, and they're notorious opportunists. This is why they tend to get themselves in trouble when venturing where they don't belong: the living room couch, garbage cans, backyard garden, your favorite chair and anything reserved for humans only. Keep the family pooch out of trouble by using repellents that are simple household ingredients.

Water

A spray bottle filled with ordinary tap water is a safe way to deter Fido from snatching the roast off the kitchen counter. A spritz in the face when caught in the act will send him running, but you'll have to be there to catch him. When you can't monitor your dog every second of the day, you'll need to use a stronger repellent that will work all by itself.

Offensive Smells

To keep your dog off a piece of furniture, soak some cotton balls with vinegar, lemon juice, ammonia or rubbing alcohol. Place them in an open container and set them around your off-limit areas.

Strong smells not only keep the dog away, but can repel humans as well. These repellants are best used when humans can't be around to keep an eye on the family dog. If they are, make sure your spray bottle of water is handy and give the dog a healthy spray whenever he trespasses. He'll not only be deterred, he'll learn where he's not allowed to go.

To encourage your dog to stay out of garbage cans, mix pine scented detergent and ammonia with equal amounts of water. Spray the inside of the can liberally for a strong scent your dog won't appreciate.

Outdoors

Use the same repellents outdoors that you would inside. Never pour these ingredients directly onto soil because they could harm plants and flowers. Use the soaked cotton balls, or soak rags before laying them in areas of the garden you don't want your dog to visit. Dogs don't care for citrus so you can also cut up a lemon and place the slices around your flower beds and vegetable patch.

To prevent your dog from chewing on plants, sprinkle chili pepper powder generously around the area. Other deterrents are mothballs and mustard oil. Some plants are poisonous to dogs, so it's a good idea to use repellents that discourage chewing plants that could make her sick.

Dogs enjoy digging and will often return to the same spot over and over, looking for that illusive groundhog or scurrying lizard. Bury some of his feces in the hole to deter him from further exploration. Dogs don't like to dig where they've defecated. Once his interest in the hole wanes, you can remove the excrement and refill the hole with plain dirt.

Tags: around your, chewing plants, cotton balls, garbage cans, repellents that

Make Soothing Insect Bite Cream

Instead of applying chemical laden ointments to that insect bite, mix up a batch of natural, soothing insect bite cream. It will relieve the itch, and you won't have to worry about introducing toxins into your body or environment.

Instructions

1. Combine 1 tbsp. of beeswax pellets, 1/2 tbsp. of jojoba oil, 1/2 tbsp. of avocado oil and 2 tbsp. of Shea butter into the top of a double boiler. Warm slowly on low heat. Stir continually until the wax melts into the oils.

2. Remove the top of the double boiler and whip the ingredients with a hand mixer. As the mixture cools and thickens, continue mixing while you add the contents of 3 (400 IU) vitamin E capsules and 1 tbsp. of ground oatmeal.

3. Add 20 to 30 drops of calendula oil and mix until the cream is smooth. Pour the contents into a small glass jar with a tight fitting lid and allow the cream to cool completely before sealing the lid.

4. Store the cream in a cool, dark location or in the refrigerator for up to 3 months.

Tags: cream cool, double boiler, insect bite

About Mosquitoes & Mums

Mums are a natural source of the chemical pyrethrin -- an organic pesticide.

Mosquitoes are drawn to dark colors, moisture, carbon dioxide sources, fragrant perfumes or lotions and scented hair-care products. The allure of these items can be minimized with repellents. There are chemicals that effectively keep mosquitoes at bay, but those who are seeking a gentler option often turn to aromatic plants. Several popular gardening plants, including the late-blooming, cold-hardy mum, produce an aroma that deters mosquitoes. Does this Spark an idea?

Chrysanthemums

The long-blooming mum's large flowers seem impervious to chilly overnight temperatures and light frosts. They remain in bloom for up to 12 weeks. Colors range from rust red and light yellow to pale pink and white. The plant's shapes can be low and gently-rounded or tall and upright. Mums make an excellent addition to informal gardening beds and landscaping borders. However, they also are well-suited to life in pots or planters. Those who are planting mums for pest control might prefer plants in containers because this means the plants can be relocated where they would be most useful.

Pyrethrin

Chrysanthemums are a natural source of pyrethrin, a toxic compound that kills bugs on contact. In the garden, the presence of this chemical helps chrysanthemums repel most insects. To ward off mosquitoes and other biting bugs, pick a chrysanthemum blossom and rub the petals over skin and clothing. Evenly distribute the flower's fragrance over vulnerable areas. Homeowners or gardeners who require larger amounts of pesticide will find that pyrethrin is sold at garden centers. Pyrethirn sprays and foggers frequently are used to eliminate destructive pests such as the Colorado potato beetle, flies, aphids, gnats and cabbage loopers.

Other Repellent Plants

Chrysanthemums bloom in the fall. While they add a welcome dash of late-season color to a garden, blood-thirsty bugs begin making their rounds in the late spring and continue buzzing through the atmosphere through late fall. To help keep mosquitoes at bay all summer, plant a variety of naturally repellent flowers and herbs such as lemon grass, chamomile, geraniums and lavender. An assortment of plants that bloom consecutively also will provide more complete coverage than a single type of flower.

Pyrethrin Warnings

When consumed in large quantities, plant materials and natural insect repellents such as pyrethrin can lead to digestive upset, diarrhea, vomiting, seizures, paralysis or even death. In the event of accidental ingestion, observe the afflicted individual and if symptoms develop, seek professional medical attention. Additionally, those with sensitive skin might experience redness, itching, tingling or irritation. Wash the affected area immediately under a stream of cold, running water.

Tags: keep mosquitoes, natural source

Set Up A Franklin Mint Civil War Chess Set

In 1983, the Franklin Mint released a commemorative edition chess set remembering the Civil War. Each piece of the set is made of pewter and individually sculpted to resemble one of the key players in the war. Rather than having white and black pieces, the set is split into blue and gray, with each piece being marked with a strip of colored enamel paint around its base.The playing board is also colored blue and gray.

Instructions

1. Place the chess board on a flat playing surface.

2. Divide the chess pieces up between the two players. One side will play as the blue pieces, or the Union. The other side plays as the gray pieces, or the Confederacy.

3. Start on the left side and place one cannonball piece for the gray side on the top row of the board and one cannon piece for the blue side on the bottom row of the board. These represent the rooks.

4. Place one knight piece next to the rook. The gray side has J.E.B Stuart, the Calvary leader who lost his life at the Battle of Yellow Tavern, and Joseph Wheeler who went on to fight in the Spanish-American War. The blue has George Custer, who would famously see defeat years later at the Battle of Little Bighorn, and Phil Sheridan, the calvary leader who was arguably the third most famous Union commander (behind Grant and Sherman).

5. Place one of the bishop pieces to the right of the knight. The Confederacy is represented by Thomas

Stonewall" Jackson, who gained his nickname during the First Battle of Bull Run, and Brigadier General, P.T. Beauregard, who commanded the Confederacy at that battle. The Union is represented by George Meade, the victor at Gettysburg, and William T. Sherman, who led the "March to the Sea" in 1864.

6. Place the queen piece next to the bishop. Confederate spy Belle Boyd and Red Cross founder Clara Barton represent the gray and blue sides of the game.

7. Place the corresponding king piece next to the queen. This chess set has Ulysses S. Grant, who went on to become the 18th President, and Robert E. Lee, commander of the Army of Northern Virginia, representing their respective armies.

8. Place the remaining pieces in the following order: bishop, knight, and rook.

9. Line the second row of each side of the board with pawns. There are eight pawns per side and represent the Union's Iron Brigade and the Confederacy's Stonewall Brigade.

Tags: piece next, blue gray, Franklin Mint, gray side, side board

About Mosquito Repellents For Dogs

About Mosquito Repellents for Dogs

Mosquitoes aren't simply biting pests. They can transmit several serious diseases to your dog. However, you have quite a few options for effective mosquito repellents for dogs, both commercial formulas and some natural deterrents.

Mosquito Facts

There are almost 3,000 types of mosquitoes throughout the world and several hundred species in North America. Most lay eggs and mature in stagnant water and are more prevalent in the humid southern and midwestern parts of the United States. Many of these can transmit diseases---including heartworms, West Nile virus, encephalitis and yellow fever---to dogs.

Commercial Mosquito Repellents

You can use some mosquito repellents intended for humans on dogs, but read the label to be sure they're approved for pets, and always double-check with your veterinarian.

Never use any product containing DEET on dogs. In addition to exposure through the skin, dogs are likely to ingest the chemicals while grooming themselves.

Several formulas are available specifically for animals from veterinarians and pet and farm supply stores. Pyrethrin-based flea spray (use as directed) is also effective as a mosquito repellent. A veterinarian-approved topical treatment, K9 Advantix by Bayer, is currently the only monthly mosquito repellent on the market. All the others are sprays or shampoos, with effectiveness varying from several hours to nine days, depending on the product.

Natural Mosquito Repellents

If you don't want to routinely spray synthetic chemicals on your dog, you can try gentler repellents, though they may not be as effective. Wiping your dog's fur down with rubbing alcohol, dryer sheets or diluted Avon Skin So Soft bath oil (a favorite of hunters) can repel mosquitoes. Some people recommend a spray made up of white vinegar and water mixed in equal parts, with a single drop of either cedar, lavender or lemon oil added to a quart of the vinegar-water mix.

The most natural repellent is, whenever possible, to keep your dog indoors when the mosquitoes are most active, in the late evening.

Repellents Not Guaranteed

Bear in mind that no repellent is a guarantee against a bite by an infectious mosquito. Your vet can tell you which mosquito-borne, preventable diseases are present in your area. Never rely on repellents alone to protect your dog from a lethal disease like heartworms: Your veterinarian will carry safe, monthly heartworm preventatives. Use them.

Warning

There are many mosquito repellents posted online using various blends of essential oils. While some essential oils are quite safe to use on dogs, you should heavily dilute most, and several can cause illness and even death. Pet stores sell sprays and shampoos containing oils like citrus or tea tree oil, but these are highly diluted. Never put essential oils on an animal without being absolutely sure it's safe. Unlike humans, dogs and cats lack the enzymes to break down some of the chemicals in these oils, and they can lead to organ toxicity and neurological damage.

Tags: essential oils, Mosquito Repellents, About Mosquito, About Mosquito Repellents, effective mosquito

About Flea Control Using Eucalyptus

About Flea Control Using Eucalyptus

Fleas can cause tapeworms, heartworms or anemia in cats and dogs, especially if they aren't kept under control. They can develop immunity to chemical sprays and pills which leads many people to alternative treatments. Flea control using eucalyptus is one such alternative. It is safe for humans and animals, and an effective insect repellent.

Function

Eucalyptus is used not only to control fleas but also to repel existing infestations. It is a powerful deterrent against fleas as it produces a strong, distinctive scent which they find intolerable. It can be used directly on animals or on furniture, bedding, carpets or pet collars. The essential oil is also found in many commercial natural flea repellents.

Types

Eucalyptus can be used for flea control in various forms. The essential oil is the concentrated essence of the plant and the strongest form available. It can be diluted with water and used as a spray to keep fleas away. A few drops placed on a pet's collar are also effective, as long as the pet cannot chew on the collar and ingest the oil. It can also be used to make a natural flea shampoo by mixing several drops with a natural soap base or baby shampoo.

Another way to use eucalyptus for flea control is to place leaves under carpets or bedding where pets frequent or the flea infestation is worst. Using eucalyptus seed pods in this way is also effective.

Benefits

There are many benefits of using eucalyptus for flea control, such as eliminating the need for non-toxic chemicals on and around your pet. It is easy to use and apply without the need for constant reapplication. The scent of eucalyptus lasts for an incredibly long time and will repel fleas as long as they can detect the smell.

Misconceptions

A common misconception regarding eucalyptus for flea control is that it isn't safe for use on or around pets. A small amount of eucalyptus essential oil placed near a pet or used to bathe a pet is not harmful. Using too much, however, can have negative side effects.

Warning

Eucalyptus can be toxic to pets if ingested. Never allow pets to chew collars, toys or bedding that has been sprayed with a eucalyptus solution. In addition, the essential oil should never be applied directly to the fur or skin. This can cause severe irritation. If these rules are followed, flea control using eucalyptus can be a safe and rewarding experience.

Tags: flea control, eucalyptus flea, eucalyptus flea control, About Flea, About Flea Control

Keep Roots From Growing In Sewer Drain Pipes

Tree roots growing into sewer pipes is a common and expensive problem. This occurs when there is a crack in the pipes and water vapor leaks into the soil. Any trees nearby will sense the water vapor and their roots will grow toward it. Eventually they make their way into the pipe, where they find enough oxygen, water and nutrients to thrive. The roots grow and expand, creating blockage and backups and spilling harmful waste into homes and businesses. Keeping roots from growing into the pipe is difficult, but with attention and care it can be done effectively. Does this Spark an idea?

Instructions

1. Assess the situation. Know where sewer lines are placed around your home and business. Look at the trees in the area and research their root structures and growing pace. Generally, roots will grow up to 2.5 times the height of the tree, but with some trees the roots can be five to seven times their height.

2. Use chemicals to kill root growth for a temporary fix. Pour drain-cleaning products with copper sulfate down the drains in the spring and fall. According to the Washington State Department of Agriculture, this option is not always effective and sometimes just causes systemic damage to the tree. A more effective chemical option is trifluralin. This is a fabric or rubber filled with time-release pellets of trifluralin, which you can place between the pipes and tree roots.

3. Replace or line the pipes as soon as possible to keep water and nutrients from escaping. Have maintenance done on the pipes to prevent any hairline cracks. This can be done with a total replacement of the old pipes with new, airtight pipes or pipe lining. These processes can be expensive but are the only way to keep tree roots out of sewer pipes for good.

Tags: growing into, into pipe, roots will, roots will grow, sewer pipes